Osteoarthritis: Key Information For Knee Replacement Surgery

     As individuals age, the knee joints naturally undergo wear and tear. When other treatment methods fail to alleviate symptoms, knee replacement surgery becomes a viable solution. This procedure is considered highly successful in modern medicine—not only does it significantly reduce pain, but it also enhances the patient's overall quality of life after treatment.

Understanding the Knee Joint

     The knee joint comprises three main bones: the thigh bone (femur), the shin bone (tibia), and the kneecap (patella). During movement, such as bending or straightening the leg, the rounded end of the femur rotates atop the tibia. The patella is connected to the muscles at the front of the thigh and aids in movement while stabilizing the alignment of these muscles.

Knee Replacement Surgery

     Knee arthroplasty, or knee replacement surgery, is an effective treatment for advanced osteoarthritis. The surgeon removes the degenerated portions of the bone using specialized medical instruments. A prosthesis made of metal and polyethylene, designed to mimic the natural joint surface and withstand pressure, is implanted to restore the balance and alignment of the knee.

When Is Knee Replacement Necessary?

Persistent pain or injury in the knee may indicate the need for orthopedic consultation. The evaluation process includes:

• Reviewing the patient’s medication history, particularly for pain or inflammation management.
• Assessing the range of motion and ability to bend or extend the knee.
• Examining knee alignment, potentially through walking or stair-climbing assessments.
• Utilizing X-ray imaging to diagnose structural abnormalities and determine the appropriate prosthetic type and size.
• Considering other treatments, such as physical therapy or alternative surgical options, while always minimizing patient risk. It is important to note that complications may still arise during or after surgery.

Possible Complications

     Common complications include infection, blood clots, pneumonia, prosthesis loosening, or nerve inflammation. Regular follow-up with a specialist is essential for early detection and management of these risks.

Lifespan of a Knee Prosthesis

     The durability of a knee prosthesis varies based on individual factors such as physical condition, activity level, body weight, and surgical precision. Today, knee replacement surgery is considered routine, offering substantial pain relief and allowing patients to resume daily activities with improved comfort.

Surgical Procedure Overview

     Once the decision for surgery is made, the patient undergoes a thorough pre-operative evaluation. The operation generally takes 1 to 3 hours, depending on the case. Upon awakening from anesthesia, patients are encouraged to perform deep breathing exercises to support lung function and are administered pain relief. They are then transferred to a recovery room for post-operative care.

Post-Operative Rehabilitation

     Patients begin physical therapy to improve balance and mobility under the supervision of licensed physiotherapists. Within 1–2 days, patients may stand and take a few steps using a walker. Discharge is permitted once the patient is deemed able to manage daily activities, typically after bandage and stitch removal. Continued exercise is strongly encouraged.

Important Post-Surgical Considerations

• Patients are usually discharged within 5–10 days post-surgery.
• A 90-degree knee bend should be achievable before going home.
• Swelling typically subsides within 3 months.
• Warmth in the knee may persist for 6–12 months.
• A clicking sound during knee movement is generally considered normal.

Recovery Timeline

     Approximately six weeks post-surgery, patients may walk with a cane. Some may resume driving within 7–8 weeks. Most patients regain the ability to perform daily tasks comfortably after surgery.

Strengthening and Flexibility Exercises

     Regular strengthening of the quadriceps and consistent knee flexion and extension exercises are essential. The greatest improvements in mobility typically occur during the early recovery period. Patients should aim to bend the knee to at least 100 degrees. While initial tightness and discomfort are common, these symptoms usually diminish with regular exercise. Successful recovery is marked by pain-free movement, proper leg alignment, full or near-full knee extension, and the ability to bend the knee beyond 100 degrees.

Resuming Normal Activities

     By around six months post-surgery, the prosthetic joint becomes firmly integrated, functioning like a natural knee. Patients can return to routine activities, climb stairs, and engage in low-impact exercises such as brisk walking, tai chi, swimming, and golf. However