TUANGPORN TURONGSOMBOON, M.D.
Pediatric Pediatric Infectious Disease
Vaccines play a crucial role in protecting children from diseases. Though it may seem like a minor matter, it should not be overlooked, as pathogens are present everywhere. Having a strong defense system is essential. Today, the doctor will discuss the essential childhood vaccines and highlight some key aspects that parents may not be aware of.
A vaccine is a substance that stimulates the body's immune system to develop resistance to specific diseases. When exposed to the pathogen, the immune system can effectively combat it, reducing the severity of the illness.
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is derived from a weakened strain of Mycobacterium and is administered at birth to protect against tuberculosis. Within 2-3 weeks, a small red bump or pustule may appear at the injection site, which may persist for 3-4 weeks before healing.
Hepatitis B can lead to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. This vaccine is vital for newborns, especially if the mother is a carrier of the hepatitis B virus, which can be transmitted at birth. Proper vaccination helps prevent infection and its complications.
Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough) remain common in unvaccinated individuals. The DTaP vaccine comes in three main types:
Some formulations combine DTaP with other vaccines, such as hepatitis B or polio.
Polio remains a significant public health concern due to its potential to cause paralysis. It spreads through contaminated food and water. The vaccine is available in oral and injectable forms, with the first dose recommended at two months of age. The injectable form can be used as a substitute for the oral vaccine at any stage.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes meningitis, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections in infants under two years old. It can lead to disability or death. The vaccine is typically administered as part of a combined immunization starting at two months of age.
Rotavirus causes severe gastrointestinal infections in young children. The vaccine is available in two formulations:
The first dose can be given as early as six weeks of age, with subsequent doses spaced 4-10 weeks apart.
Measles, mumps, and rubella outbreaks still occur, particularly in areas with low vaccination rates. The MMR vaccine contains weakened viruses to help the body develop immunity. The first dose is recommended at 9-12 months of age.
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes. Vaccination can significantly reduce disease severity. The first dose is usually administered at 9-12 months of age.
The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine protects against HPV, which causes cervical cancer, genital warts, and various other cancers. While primarily recommended for girls, boys can also receive it to prevent HPV-related conditions such as penile, anal, oral, and throat cancers.
In addition to these essential vaccines, supplementary vaccinations can further strengthen a child's immunity against various diseases. Parents should consult a healthcare provider to ensure their child receives comprehensive immunization coverage.
Pediatric Pediatric Infectious Disease
