Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children

     Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition that can occur in children of all ages, but it is most commonly seen in those aged 2 to 6 years. If left untreated, it can lead to low oxygen levels during sleep, which may result in cognitive decline, attention deficit, heart enlargement, or even sudden death.

Causes of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children

     OSA primarily arises from enlarged tonsils at the base of the tongue and adenoids located behind the nose, which can obstruct the upper airway during sleep. This narrowing can also occur in overweight children due to increased fat deposits around the neck. Additionally, children with abnormal facial structures, such as an irregular jaw, tongue, or neck, may have narrower airways.

Symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children

• Snoring and Breathing Difficulties: Children often snore and may exhibit difficulty breathing during sleep, in contrast to normal breathing when awake.
• Labored Breathing: Signs include heavy breathing and the use of more respiratory muscles than usual. During inhalation, the chest may cave in while the abdomen expands. Some children may seem restless, struggling to breathe, and may sleep in unusual positions, with open mouths.
• Bedwetting Parents may worry about their child’s breathing and find themselves checking on them frequently at night.
• Daytime Behavior During the day, children may be hyperactive, restless, have short attention spans, or fall asleep frequently.

The Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children

     The best method for diagnosing this condition is called polysomnography (PSG). This test involves monitoring the child overnight in a special hospital room with a computer setup. While the child sleeps, a nurse observes their breathing, and the computer measures various parameters through attached sensors.

Obstructive sleep apnea in children can lead to cognitive decline, attention deficits, heart enlargement, or even sudden death if not properly addressed.