Cervical Cancer From HPV : A Preventable Disease

     Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide. However, in Thailand, it ranks as the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women, particularly in those aged 35–60. Each year, over 6,000 new cases are reported, with approximately 2,600 fatalities. Nevertheless, cervical cancer is a preventable disease if abnormalities are detected early through regular medical screenings.

HPV: The Leading Cause of Cervical Cancer

     Extensive research has confirmed that the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer. Studies show that HPV is present in nearly all cervical cancer cases (99.7%). This virus is transmitted through sexual contact and is the same virus responsible for genital warts.

Different HPV Strains and Their Risks

     There are over 200 strains of HPV that can infect the genital area, with at least 13 identified as high-risk strains for cervical cancer. These high-risk strains can cause abnormal cell changes in the cervix, which may develop into cancer over time. Low-risk strains, on the other hand, primarily cause genital warts without leading to cancer.

Cervical Cancer Screening

     The Pap smear test, widely recognized as an effective method for detecting abnormal cervical cells, has significantly reduced cervical cancer incidence worldwide. However, conventional Pap smear methods, including liquid-based cytology techniques such as ThinPrep and Liquid Prep, have limitations in sensitivity. False-negative results may occur, where abnormal cervical cells are present but undetected, delaying early treatment for cervical cancer.

Advanced HPV DNA Testing

     HPV DNA testing is a molecular diagnostic technique with high sensitivity (approximately 90%). This method can detect HPV infections in their earliest stages, even before cellular abnormalities appear. When combined with a Pap smear, HPV DNA testing enhances the accuracy of cervical cancer screening and improves early detection rates.

Since precancerous lesions take years to develop into cancer, early detection allows timely intervention, significantly reducing the risk of progression. Maintaining overall health, including mental well-being, also plays a crucial role in helping the body clear HPV infections naturally.

Who Should Undergo HPV Testing with a Pap Smear?

     The American Cancer Society and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommend HPV testing alongside a Pap smear for women aged 30 and above. If results are normal, screening can be performed every three years. However, if the results are inconclusive—for instance, a positive HPV test but no abnormal cells in the Pap smear—repeat testing every 6–12 months is advised for further monitoring.

HPV Testing, Ramkhamhaeng Hospital

     Women can undergo HPV testing using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Ramkhamhaeng Hospital, under the supervision of experienced obstetricians and gynecologists.

Sample Collection and Testing

     The sample for HPV testing is collected from the cervix during a routine pelvic exam, along with a Pap smear. The sample is then sent to a specialized laboratory for analysis, with results available within seven days.

Cervical cancer is a preventable disease, and medical screenings can detect abnormalities in the pre-cancerous stage before symptoms appear. Early detection remains the most effective way to prevent.

Last updated: August 25, 2021