"Obesity: The Arrival of Various Diseases and Innovative Treatments

 

 

     In the present day, obesity has become a recognized medical condition that requires proper management and treatment. This is because obesity is associated with numerous health complications. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as "a condition in which excessive fat accumulation in the body poses a risk factor or a direct cause of diseases that affect overall health, potentially leading to illness or even death."

 

Metabolic Syndrome (Abdominal Obesity)

     Metabolic Syndrome is a common form of obesity that significantly increases the risk of various diseases. Diagnosis is based on physical examination and laboratory tests. If at least three out of the following five criteria are met, an individual may be diagnosed with the condition:

 

1.  Waist Circumference Measurement

• Measurement is taken at the level of the navel while standing with feet 10 cm apart and exhaling.
• Men: Should not exceed 90 cm
• Women: Should not exceed 80 cm

 

2.  Triglyceride Levels

• A triglyceride level of ≥ 150 mg/dL indicates an increased risk of high blood sugar levels. Additionally, HDL cholesterol levels are considered:
  • Men: Less than 40 mg/dL
  • Women: Less than 50 mg/dL

• Other Diagnostic Criteria
  • Blood Pressure: ≥ 130/85 mmHg
  • Fasting Blood Sugar: ≥ 100 mg/dL

 

Causes of Obesity

• Genetics Some families have a genetic predisposition to obesity, often influenced by shared dietary habits and lifestyle.
• Dietary Habits Regular consumption of high-calorie foods, particularly carbohydrates and fats, exceeding the body’s energy needs.
• Certain Medications Some drugs, such as psychiatric medications, diabetes treatments, and steroids, can increase appetite.
• Endocrine Disorders Conditions affecting hormone regulation, such as thyroid disorders and adrenal gland diseases.
• Environmental and Lifestyle Factors Cultural influences and sedentary lifestyles contribute to obesity.
• Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption These habits can disrupt metabolism and increase fat accumulation.
• Psychological Stress Emotional stress can lead to overeating and weight gain.

 

 

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Modern technological advancements and conveniences have also contributed to decreased physical activity, particularly among younger individuals.

 

 

Health Consequences of Obesity

Obesity increases the risk of various serious health conditions, including:

 

• Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
• Abnormal Blood Lipid Levels
• Diabetes
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Chronic Kidney Disease
• Various Cancers (e.g., endometrial, ovarian, breast, and colorectal cancer)
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
• Osteoarthritis
• Irregular Menstrual Cycles

 

The Link Between Obesity and Diabetes

Studies indicate that:

 

• Grade 1 Obesity: have twice the risk of developing diabetes compared to those with a normal weight.
• Grade 2 Obesity: increases the risk fivefold.
• Grade 3 Obesity: raises the risk tenfold.

 

 

Note: Obesity leads to insulin resistance, where an increased number of fat cells impair insulin receptor function on cell membranes. This prevents glucose from effectively entering cells, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Treatment of Obesity

Weight management should begin as soon as weight gain is noticed. Early intervention prevents complications and makes treatment more effective.

 

Lifestyle Modifications

• Self-Discipline and Health Awareness Maintaining a healthy body and a confident appearance.
• Avoiding Sugary and Alcoholic Beverages Reducing unnecessary calorie intake.
• Gradual Dietary Adjustments Reducing intake of carbohydrates and fats while increasing fiber consumption through vegetables and unsweetened fruits. Avoiding frequent snacking.
• Incorporating Daily Physical Activity opting for stairs instead of elevators.
• Regular Exercise Engaging in at least 30 minutes of physical activity daily.
• Medical Check-ups Monitoring for complications like diabetes and high cholesterol.
• Medical Treatment Weight management under medical supervision, including medication or surgical interventions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Medical and Surgical Treatment Options

1. Medication for Weight Loss

• Fat Absorption Inhibitors: Example – Orlistat
• Oral Diabetes Medications: Some drugs help the body excrete glucose through urine, aiding weight loss.

 

2. Injectable Medications for Blood Sugar Control

• These non-insulin injections mimic naturally occurring gastrointestinal hormones that regulate blood sugar and appetite.
• They enhance insulin function, suppress hunger, and slow gastric emptying, leading to a feeling of fullness.

 

Effectiveness of Injectable Medications

• Studies show that gastrointestinal hormone-mimicking injections reduce the risk of heart disease in diabetic patients.
• The U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has approved these injections as a weight-loss treatment for obesity patients at risk of severe health complications.

 

Dosage and Treatment Duration

• Treatment typically starts at a low dose of 0.6 mg per day for one week and gradually increases to a maximum of 3 mg per day, depending on weight loss progress.
• If weight reduction is less than 4% of the initial weight after one month, doctors will reassess diet, exercise, and other factors under specialized healthcare supervision.

 

Conclusion

     The management of obesity and diabetes follows the same fundamental principles—diet control and regular exercise. Medication serves as a supplementary aid to enhance treatment effectiveness.

 

 

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By adopting these medical and lifestyle strategies, individuals can improve their health, reduce risks, and enhance their overall well-being.