How to Manage When Your Child Has Epilepsy

Epilepsy in Children

Understanding Epilepsy in Children

     Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by abnormal brain cell activity, leading to seizures of varying forms. The specific symptoms depend on which part of the brain is affected.

Symptoms of Epilepsy in Children

Epilepsy in children presents in various ways. If your child experiences any of the following symptoms, it is essential to seek immediate medical attention from a pediatric neurologist:

• Stiffening, jerking, or both (Tonic, Clonic, Tonic-Clonic seizures)
• Frequent sudden jerks (Myoclonic seizures)
• Sudden spasms, often occurring after waking up (Epileptic spasms)
• Sudden loss of muscle strength leading to falls (Atonic seizures)
• Uncontrollable muscle contractions, sometimes causing the head or face to turn involuntarily
• Sudden blank stares (Absence seizures), sometimes accompanied by lip-smacking or repetitive hand movements
• Unexplained episodes of laughter or crying (Gelastic and Dacrystic seizures)
• Developmental regression

Causes of Epilepsy

Epilepsy can result from various factors, including:

• Congenital brain malformations (e.g., abnormal brain structures)
• Complications at birth, such as oxygen deprivation
• Brain infections due to infections or autoimmune conditions (Autoimmune encephalitis)
• Brain tumors
• Stroke
• Genetic predisposition

In some cases, no specific cause can be identified. However, regular monitoring and medical consultation are crucial for proper management.

Diagnosis of Epilepsy in Children

     The most critical step in diagnosing epilepsy is obtaining a detailed medical history. Parents who observe abnormal behaviors should record a short video of the episodes, which can help pediatric neurologists make a more accurate diagnosis. If epilepsy is suspected, an electroencephalogram (EEG) is performed to assess brain wave activity.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

     EEG involves placing electrodes on the scalp to measure electrical activity in the brain. This procedure is painless. If an infection is suspected, a lumbar puncture may be performed for cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Additionally, a CT scan or MRI may be recommended if brain abnormalities or tumors are suspected.

Treatment for Epilepsy

     The primary treatment for epilepsy involves anti-seizure medications, often combined with addressing the underlying cause. For instance, in cases of brain tumors, surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy may be required. If seizures persist despite proper medication (drug-resistant epilepsy), alternative treatments such as epilepsy surgery or a ketogenic diet may be considered.

How to Respond When Your Child Has a Seizure

• Stay calm – Avoid panicking.
• Ensure safety – Move the child to a safe location if necessary.
• Turn the child on their side – This helps prevent choking.
• Do not put anything in the child's mouth – Placing objects in the mouth can block the airway and cause suffocation. Avoid giving medication or fluids until the child is fully conscious.
• Seek immediate medical attention – Most seizures in children resolve within 5 minutes. However, if a seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, it may be difficult to stop without medical intervention, potentially affecting the child’s development and learning abilities.

If your child exhibits symptoms suggestive of epilepsy, consult a pediatric neurologist promptly for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Proper seizure management can prevent long-term effects on development and learning.